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Index

Genus species
SynonymGenus species var. variety

References

BIGNONIACEAE

(Bignonia or Trumpet Creeper family)

This predominantly tropical family consists mainly of climbing or twining shrubs, but also trees. There are some 650 species in 120 genera.

Outside the tropics, several species may be found in cultivation as greenhouse ornamentals. Jacaranda mimosaefolia D.Don (syn. Jacaranda ovalifolia R.Br.), for instance, is often grown for its foliage. The Chilean glory flower (Eccremocarpus scaber Ruiz & Pav.) is half-hardy in temperate regions, whilst Campsis radicans Seem. and Catalpa bignonioides Walter are commonly grown in the open in milder areas of Britain and northern Europe.

Many species yield valuable timber.

Many of the timbers derived from members of this family contain any or all of the dermatitic compounds lapachol (formerly known as tecomin), deoxylapachol, and lapachenole (formerly known as lapachonone). The presence of sesamin, which has been shown to be involved in sesame oil contact allergy (Sesamum indicum L., fam. Pedaliaceae), has also been reported from at least one species. Persons working with the wood are therefore at risk.

Bignonia aequinoctialis L.: [syn. Cydista aequinoctialis (L.) Miers]
Garlic Vine

This neotropical vine exhales a strong odour of garlic (Allium sativum L., fam. Alliaceae) when crushed (Standley 1926).

Campsis Lour.
Cowitch, Trumpet Creeper, Trumpet Vine

There are two species in this genus. Campsis radicans Seem. (syn. Tecoma radicans Juss.) is native to south-eastern USA, whilst Campsis chinensis Voss (syns Tecoma grandiflora Lois., Bignonia chinensis Lam.) is indigenous to eastern Asia. The hybrid group between these two species is commonly referred to as Campsis × tagliabuana Rehder (syn. Tecoma tagliabuana Vis.).

Shelmire (1940) described the trumpet vine [probably Campsis radicans] as a minor skin sensitiser. McCord (1962) noted the commercial availability of an oleoresin extract of Campsis radicans for patch testing. A number of texts refer to dermatitis caused by handling the flowers or leaves (Pammel 1911, Muenscher 1951, Gardner & Bennetts 1956, Hardin & Arena 1974) but there appear to be no properly documented case reports.

Catalpa Scop.

This is a genus of 11 species of trees and shrubs, natives of East Africa and of North and South America. Several species are of horticultural value. Some species yield useful timber.

Catalpa bignonioides Walter: [syns Bignonia catalpa L., Catalpa catalpa (L.) H.Karst., Catalpa syringifolia Sims]
Catalpa, Catawba, Cigartree, Eastern Catalpa, Indian Bean, Arbre aux Haricots, Catalpa de Caroline, Catalpa Fausse Bignone, Zigarrenbaum

The emanations from the fragrant flowers are said to be toxic and to irritate the skin and mucous membranes (White 1887, Pammel 1911, Weber 1937, Hurst 1942, Muenscher 1951), but evidence seems to be inconclusive.

This is the most popular species of Catalpa in cultivation.

Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey.: [syn. Catalpa syringifolia Bunge]
Beijing Catalpa, Chinese Catalpa, Manchurian Catalpa, Chocolate Catalpa

Stuart (1911) recorded that in Chinese traditional medicine, the bark from this species is used in the same way as that from Catalpa kaempferi [see Catalpa ovata G.Don below].

Catalpa ovata G.Don: [syns Catalpa henryi Dode, Catalpa kaempferi (DC.) Siebold & Zucc.]
Chinese Catalpa, Japanese Catalpa, Yellow Catalpa

The bark of Catalpa kaempferi, known as chiu or tzu in Chinese traditional medicine, is considered to be very useful as an ingredient in lotions for stimulating wounds, ulcers, fistulae and other indolent or obstinate sores. Extracts prepared from the bark and the leaves are also reputed to be very efficacious in the treatment of carbuncles, swellings, abscesses, specks on the cornea, and the like (Stuart 1911).

The wood from this species has been found to contain deoxylapachol (Inoue et al. 1979), a potent contact allergen (Schulz et al. 1977).

Catalpa speciosa Teas: [syns Catalpa bignonioides var. speciosa Meehan, Catalpa bignonioides var. speciosa Warder ex Barney, Catalpa cordifolia J.St.-Hil., Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm.]
Catawba, Cigartree, Indian Bean Tree, Northern Catalpa, Western Catalpa, Westlicher Trompetenbaum, Zigarrenbaum

Handling the flowers has reportedly produced dermatitis (Pammel 1911, Muenscher 1951). All listings appear to stem from anecdotal reports received by White (1887).

Crescentia alata Kunth: [syns Crescentia ternata Sessé & Moc., Parmentiera alata (Kunth) Miers]
Morrito

A decoction of the leaves is reported to be used for promoting the growth of the hair (Standley 1926).

Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann: [syns Bignonia unguis-cati L., Doxantha unguis-cati (L.) Miers, Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A.H.Gentry]
Cat's Claw Creeper

A preparation of Macfadyena unguis-cati has been used to treat manchineel (Hippomane mancinella L., fam. Euphorbiaceae) dermatitis (Standley 1926, Lewis & Elvin-Lewis 1977).

Dolichandrone atrovirens (Roth) K.Schum.: [syns Bignonia atrovirens Roth, Bignonia crispa Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., Dolichandrone crispa (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Seem.]
Wavy Trumpet Flower

Prakash & Singh (1980) report the presence of lapachol in the heartwood of Dolichandrone crispa. Lapachol is a known elictor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1977).

Fernandoa adenophylla (Wall. ex G.Don) Steenis: [syns Bignonia adenophylla Wall. ex G.Don, Haplophragma adenophyllum (Wall. ex G.Don) Dop, Heterophragma adenophyllum (Wall. ex G.Don) Seem.]

Both the heartwood and the roots of this species contain lapachol (Singh et al. 1972, Joshi et al. 1979), a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G.Lohmann: [syns Arrabidaea chica Verlot, Bignonia chica Bonpl.]
Chica, Cricketvine

A red pigment from the leaves of Arrabidaea chica has been used as a body paint by South American Indians (Howes 1974).

Handroanthus chrysanthus (Jacq.) S.O.Grose: [syn. Bignonia chrysantha Jacq., Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G.Nicholson, Tecoma chrysantha (Jacq.) DC.]

An extract of the heartwood of Tabebuia chrysantha was found to contain lapachenole as a major constituent. Lapachol was also present as a minor constituent (Burnett & Thomson 1968). Lapachenole is a potent contact allergen (Schulz et al. 1977).

Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos: [syn. Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl., Tecoma chrysotricha Mart. ex DC., Tecoma grandis Kraenzl.]
Golden Goddess, Golden Trumpet Tree

Hausen (1981) noted that lapachol and deoxylapachol, quinonoid substances with eliciting and contact sensitising properties respectively (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977), are found in many Tabebuia Gomes ex DC. and Tecoma Juss. species (now moved into the genus Hydroanthus Mattos, which is characterised by having extremely dense wood containing copious quantities of lapachol — see Grose & Olmstead 2007), including Tecoma chrysotricha, which he presumed was the source of timber identified as ipé tabaco by Freise (1932) who reported that ipé tabaco could produce dermatitis with swelling and burn-like changes in woodworkers that can result in extensive and sometimes long-lasting disturbances of their general condition. Hausen (1981) added that this Brazilian / South American timber only rarely reached foreign timber markets.

Handroanthus guayacan (Seem.) S.O.Grose: [syns Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl., Tecoma guayacan Seem.]
Guayacan

The heartwood of this species contains lapachol (Manners & Jurd 1976), a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos: [syns Bignonia heptaphylla Vell., Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo, Tabebuia ipe (Mart. ex K.Schum.) Standl., Tecoma ipe Mart. ex K.Schum.]
Ipé, Ipé Preto, Lapacho, Ipé Tabaco

This species provides a valuable timber that is exported to Europe only in small amounts (Hausen 1981).

Freise (1932, 1936) reported 83 cases of dermatitis with respiratory and other constitutional symptoms. When tested on affected persons, the fresh sawdust produced erythema and papules within a few hours, and this developed into a severe weeping and crusting dermatitis that took several weeks to clear. He also reported three human deaths and expulsion of worms from swallowing the wood dust. Cordero & Lynch (1951) also reported occupational dermatitis with constitutional symptoms from the wood of this species. The sawdust irritates the nose, lungs, and skin — colouring the skin yellow-green. Washing with soap causes a change of colour to bright red (Woolston & Phillips 1955).

Sandermann & Dietrichs (1957) reported the presence of lapachenole and lapachol in the timber. Burnett & Thomson (1967) have isolated deoxylapachol and lapachenole, both of which are potent contact allergens (Schulz et al. 1977), from the heartwood together with several quinonoid compounds.

Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos: [syns Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb., Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl., Tabebuia palmeri Rose, Tecoma impetiginosa Mart. ex DC.]
Pink Trumpet Tree

This species is the source of a valuable timber known as pink lapacho or ipé. The Wood Database^a notes that pink lapacho is harvested and sold interchangeably with Handroanthus serratifolius under the generic commercial name ipe, though the lumber is usually referred to by the halo name Brazilian walnut among flooring dealers.

Record (1926) noted an observation made by Ortega (1926) that amapa prieta, stated to be the timber obtained from Tabebuia palmeri, contains "abundant deposits of lapachol and the dust arising in milling operations produces reddish stains on the sweat-moistened portions of the laborer's clothing and also gives rise to a mild form of dermatitis."

Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S.O.Grose: [syns Bignonia araliacea Cham., Bignonia flavescens Vell., Bignonia serratifolia Vahl, Handroanthus flavescens (Vell.) Mattos, Tabebuia araliacea (Cham.) Morong & Britton, Tabebuia flavescens (Vell.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Griseb., Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G.Nicholson, Tecoma araliacea (Cham.) DC., Tecoma serratifolia (Vahl) G.Don]

This and other species of Handroanthus Mattos are the source of timber known in the trade as ipê, ipê tabaco, amapa prieta, bastard lignum vitae, bethabara, ebano verde, ironwood, lapacho, Surinam greenheart, wassiba, or Brazilian walnut.^a,b Dermatitis in a joiner working with bethabara wood, a wood noted for its red-staining properties, was described by Weitbrecht (1967), the botanical origin of the wood later being stated by Hausen et al. (1971) to be Tabebuia serratifolia. Deoxylapachol isolated from the wood provoked a positive patch test reaction in the patient; the reaction was considered to be of an irritant nature (Hausen et al. 1971).

Matthes & Schreiber (1914) found that the wood from Tecoma araliacea contains lapachol together with other unidentified compounds that were also capable of producing itching and inflammation of the skin. Sandermann & Dietrichs (1957) reported the presence of lapachenole and lapachol in timber derived from Tabebuia flavescens as also did Orth (1960). Lapachol is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis, and lapachenole is a potent contact allergen (Schulz et al. 1977).

Some authorities^c consider Tabebuia flavescens (Vell.) Benth. & Hook.fil. ex Griseb. to be a synonym of Handroanthus lapacho (K.Schum.) S.O.Grose.

Jacaranda Juss.

Some 50 species are known from Central and South America and the West Indies. Many are highly ornamental.

Unfortunately, the term jacaranda is used for the wood from certain trees in the family Leguminosae such as Dalbergia nigra Allemāo and Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. It is therefore impossible to interpret case reports of dermatitis in which the responsible species was not botanically identified.

The wood of certain Jacaranda species has been used as a substitute for boxwood (see Buxaceae). Jacaranda chelonia Griseb. wood is used in cabinet making.

Krogh (1964), whilst investigating contact allergy to teak dust (Tectona grandis L.f., fam. Labiatae) in workers at a furniture factory, demonstrated contact sensitivity to lapachol, and noted that Jacaranda wood dust also had sensitising properties because of its lapachol content.

Jacaranda acutifolia Humb. & Bonpl.: [syn. Jacaranda punctata Raimondi]

The wood from this species has been listed as irritant (Schwartz et al. 1957).

Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don: [syn. Jacaranda ovalifolia R.Br.]
Black Poui, Blue Jacaranda, Fern Tree, Green Ebony Tree, Jacaranda, Flamboyant Bleu, Jacaranda à Feuilles de Mimosa

The wood from this species has been listed as irritant (Schwartz et al. 1957).

Jacaranda brasiliana (Lam.) J.St.-Hil.: [syn. Bignonia brasiliana Lam.]
Jacaranda

This is one of many species known as jacaranda. It is said to contain lapachol (Krogh 1964), a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Sandermann & Barghoorn (1956) list Bignonia brasiliana as a species capable of causing contact dermatitis.

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. subsp. africana: [syns Crescentia pinnata Jacq., Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.]
Sausage Tree

Govindachari et al. (1971) reported the presence of lapachol in the roots of Kigelia pinnata. Lapachol is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H.Gentry: [syns Bignonia alliacea Lam., Pachyptera alliacea (Lam.) A.H.Gentry, Pseudocalymma alliaceum (Lam.) Sandwith]
Garlic Vine, Liane d'Ail

Two workmen who trimmed a massive specimen of Pseudocalymma alliaceum were overcome by volatile emanations which induced coughing, gagging and severe facial burning and swelling (Morton 1969, 1971).

The plant smells of garlic (Allium sativum L., fam. Alliaceae) (Sandwith 1953), as is suggested by the common name.

Markhamia stipulata (Wall.) Seem.: [syns Dolichandrone stipulata (Wall.) Seem. ex Gamble, Spathodea stipulata Wall.]

Joshi et al. (1978) isolated lapachol, a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977), from the stem heartwood of this species.

Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau: [syn. Spathodea laevis P.Beauv.]

This African species has been reported to provide nesting sites for ants (Bequaert 1922). If handled when growing in its natural habitat, this species may present a dermatological hazard. A review of this topic is provided by Schmidt (1985).

Paratecoma peroba (Record) Kuhlm.: [syns Tecoma peroba Record, Paratecoma alba — of no botanical standing]

The single species in this genus is a native of Brazil. Its valuable timber, known variously as white peroba, peroba amarella, peroba blanca, and peroba de campos, is exported to Europe only in small quantities (Hausen 1981). The timber is superficially similar to that of certain Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. species (fam. Apocynaceae), and this is reflected in the common names.

Early accounts of dermatitis from this species were presented by Touraine et al. (1932) and Touraine & Golé (1934). Barnett (1948) described extensive dermatitis caused by the sawdust involving the hands, face, neck, and sometimes the axillae and groin. De Jong et al. (1951) found 5 from 25 workers affected, with genital involvement in two of the cases. Dermatitis relapsed when the patients entered the shed where the timber was stored, implicating an airborne volatile allergen. The sawdust also causes asthma and conjunctivitis (Orsler 1969, Orsler 1973, Zschunke 1963). The wood is among the six most commonly causing dermatitis in France (Zafiropoulo et al. 1968).

De Jong et al. (1951) isolated lapachol and lapachonone (lapachenole) from the timber. In their patients with dermatitis, patch tests incriminated lapachenole as the sensitiser; lapachol was present in only small amounts. Livingstone & Whiting (1955) reported the isolation and structure elucidation of lapachenole from Paratecoma alba. Sandermann & Barghoorn (1955) showed lapachenole to be present in the wood and this was confirmed by Sandermann & Dietrichs (1957) and later by Burnett & Thomson (1968) who found that lapachenole was a major constituent whilst lapachol occurred only in small amounts. Several potentially allergenic quinones are also present in the wood (Sandermann et al. 1968).

Lapachenole has been shown to be both irritant and sensitising by Sandermann & Barghoorn (1955). Schulz et al. (1977) have confirmed the high sensitising capacity of this compound on guinea pigs. Lapachol was found not to be a sensitiser, but to function as an elicitor in deoxylapachol sensitised subjects.

Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem.: [syns Crescentia aculeata Kunth, Parmentiera edulis DC.]
Cucumber Tree

This tree, which is often planted in Central America for its edible fruit, has branches armed with short stout incurved spines (Standley 1927).

Phyllarthron comorense DC.
Comoran Phyllarthron, Comoro Giant-Leaf Aralia, Phyllarthron des Comores

The roots, heartwood, and stem bark of this species contain lapachol (Joshi et al. 1973a, 1975, 1976), a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977). The roots and heartwood were also found to contain sesamin, which has been shown to be involved in sesame oil contact allergy (see Sesamum indicum L., fam. Pedaliaceae).

Roseodendron donnell-smithii (Rose) Miranda: [syns Cybistax donnell-smithii (Rose) Seibert, Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose]
Primavera

The wood of this species is known in the trade as white mahogany (Standley 1926). An extract of veneer produced from the wood was found to contain lapachenole as a major constituent. Lapachol was also present, but only as a minor constituent (Burnett & Thomson 1968). Lapachenole is a potent contact allergen (Schulz et al. 1977).

Stereospermum kunthianum Cham.: [syns Stereospermum dentatum A.Rich., Stereospermum kunthianum var. dentatum (A.Rich.) Fiori]

Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC.: [syns Bignonia chelonoides L.f., Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC.]
Fragrant Padri Tree

Both the timber (Sandermann & Dietrichs 1957) and the root heartwood (Joshi et al. 1977a) of Stereospermum suaveolens have been found to contain lapachol, a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Stereospermum colais (Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn) Mabb.: [syns Bignonia colais Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn, Dipterosperma personatum Hassk., Stereospermum personatum (Hassk.) Chatterjee, Stereospermum tetragonum DC.]

Purushothaman & Natarajan (1974) isolated lapachol from the roots of Stereospermum tetragonum. Lapachol is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Tabebuia Gomes ex DC.

This is a genus of about 74 species of trees found in the West Indies and from Mexico to northern Argentina. The lapacho group or series of the genus Tabebuia consists of about 20 species and occurs in practically every Latin American country except Chile. The timber from this group yields a yellow-green compound named lapachol which is usually visible on planed surfaces, confined to the vessel lines. In some specimens, this compound may cover the entire surface during sawing (Kukachka 1970). Lapachol is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Many species provide valuable timber, and most of them, perhaps all can cause dermatitis in some individuals (Orsler 1973). However, the haphazard use of trade or popular names in many reports, together with the many nomenclatural changes in their botanical names makes retrospective identification of the species involved rather difficult.

Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton: [syns Bignonia leucoxylon L., Bignonia pentaphylla L., Raputia heterophylla DC., Tabebuia pentaphylla Hemsl., Tecoma pentaphylla Juss.]
Pink Manjack, Pink Trumpet-Tree, White Cedar, Whitewood, Poirier des Antilles, Tabébuia Hétérophylle

In Cuba, the buds and young leaves of Bignonia leucoxylon or Bignonia pentaphylla, rubbed on the affected parts, are considered to be an antidote for poisoning by manchineel (Hippomane mancinella L., fam. Euphorbiaceae) (Hamilton 1846, Standley 1926).

Zafiropoulo et al. (1968) have reported dermatitis from handling the timber. Oesterle (1916) reported the presence of lapachol in a timber identified as Bignonia leucoxylon and given the name greenheart. Lapachol is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandwith: [syn. Tecoma insignis Miq.]

This species contain lapachol, which is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977)

Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.: [syn. Tecoma rosea Bertol.]
May Flower, Pink Poui, Pink Trumpet, Rosy Trumpet-Tree, Tabébuia Rose, Tête Comore

The roots, heartwood, and stem bark of this species contain lapachol (Joshi et al. 1973b, 1976, 1977b), a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Tecoma Juss.

Once a much larger genus, Tecoma now comprises some 16 species which are to be found in tropical America. Although reclassification was carried out on morphological grounds, many of the species transferred have been found to contain lapachol and are now included in Tabebuia Gomes.

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth: [syns Bignonia stans L., Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem.]
Elderbush, Ginger Thomas, Yellow Bells, Yellow Cedar, Yellow Elder, Yellow Trumpetbush, Trumpetbush, Bignone Jaune, Bois Caraïbe, Bois Pissenlit, Tecoma Droit, Trompette d'Or, Gelbblühender Trompetenbaum

Dohnal (1976) observed that the callus produced when growing this species in tissue culture contained traces of lapachol. Lapachol is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.: [syns Bignonia undulata Sm., Tecoma glauca DC., Tecoma undulata (Sm.) G.Don]
Desert Teak, Honeytree, Marwar Teak, Orange Tecoma, Rohida Tree

The roots, heartwood, and bark contain lapachol (Singh et al. 1972, Joshi & Singh 1974, 1977, Joshi et al. 1977c). Lapachol is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Zeyheria montana Mart.: [syns Bignonia digitalis Vell., Zeyheria digitalis (Vell.) Hoehne & Kuhlm.]

The stem of this shrub has been found to contain lapachol (Chagas Da Silveira et al. 1975). Lapachol is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl.: [syn. Bignonia tuberculosa Vell.]

Duarte Weinberg et al. (1976) isolated lapachol from the wood of this tree. Lapachol is a known elicitor of contact dermatitis (Schulz et al. 1968, Schulz et al. 1977).

References

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