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ORCHIDACEAE(Orchid family)
17,000 species in 735 genera are of cosmopolitan distribution, abundant in the tropics but rare in Arctic regions. [Summary yet to be added] Aerangis Fastuosa Callus Powder [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Orchis Morio Flower Extract [INCI; CAS RN 91770-44-4; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)],a is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have soothing properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Anoectochilus Formosanus Cell Culture Extract, Anoectochilus Formosanus Extract, and Anoectochilus Formosanus Shoot [INCI; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have emollient, humectant, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
[Information available but not yet included in database]
Bletilla Formosana Callus Extract and Bletilla Formosana Tuber Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have antioxidant properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). See also Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. below. See Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. below.
See Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. below.
The tuberous rhizome, suitably prepared in boiling water then dried, provides the traditional Chinese medicine known as bai ji (白及), Bletillae Rhizoma, or Rhizoma Bletillae Striatae.a,b Crushed into a powder, it can be used topically for its astringent, haemostatic, and detumescent properties for various conditions including traumatic bleeding, burns and scalds, sores, and chapped skin (Pérez Gutiérrez 2010, Shi et al. 2022, Fan et al. 2023). Although only Bletilla striata is specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,b the other four Bletilla species native to China [Mengzia foliosa (King & Pantl.) W.C.Huang, Z.J.Liu & C.Hu, syn. Bletilla foliosa (King & Pantl.) Tang & F.T.Wang, Bletilla formosana (Hayata) Schltr., Bletilla guizhouensis Jie Huang & G.Z.Chen, Bletilla ochracea Schltr.] are used as substitutes, and this practice is widespread (Fan et al. 2023). Bletia Hyacinthina Bulb Extract [INCI; CAS RN 223748-10-5],c and Bletilla Striata Callus Extract, Bletilla Striata Callus Powder, Bletilla Striata Root Extract, Bletilla Striata Root Powder, Bletilla Striata Root Water, and Bletilla Striata Root/Stalk Powder [INCI], all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt (2017), are recognised cosmetic product ingredients variously purported to have abrasive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, humectant, perfuming, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
This speciesa,b (or alternatively Calanthe tricarinata Lindl.)c provides the traditional Chinese medicine variously known as Herba Calanthe Discolor, Herba seu Pseudobulbus Calanthes Discoloris, Calanthes Herba seu Rhizoma, jiu zi lian huan cao (九子连环草) and ying jiu zi lian huan cao (硬九子连环草). It is used orally as a decoction and also externally. For the treatment of scrofula [= mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis] and sores, a decoction prepared from the whole herb is taken orally, and the fresh rhizomes are mashed and applied to the affected area; for the treatment of haemorrhoids and rectal prolapse, the dried herb ground into powder and mixed with [an unspecified] vegetable oil is applied to the affected area; for the treatment of traumatic injuries, a decoction of the fresh rhizomes is prepared in water and drunk with rice wine; or the rhizome is dried and ground into a fine powder and taken in rice wine. Citing several earlier sources, Nanjala et al. (2022) recorded that in China, a paste mixed with vinegar or chives is applied externally to treat skin ulcers; and that the plant can be cooked with meat and consumed, or mixed with vegetable oil to treat hemorrhoids and prolapsed piles. According to Pérez Gutiérrez (2010), a decoction or infusion of Calanthe discolor is used ethnomedicinally in Korea, Malaysia, and South China as a hair restorer. A methanolic extract of Calanthe discolor was found to exhibit hair restoring and skin blood flow promoting activities in C3H mice and rats respectively (Yoshikawa et al. 1998), the activity being ascribed to a novel indole S,O-bisdesmoside named calanthoside. Calanthe Discolor Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
According to Pérez Gutiérrez (2010), a decoction or infusion of Calanthe liukiuensis is used ethnomedicinally in Korea, Malaysia, and South China as a hair restorer. A methanolic extract of Calanthe liukiuensis was found to exhibit hair restoring and skin blood flow promoting activities in C3H mice and rats respectively (Yoshikawa et al. 1998), the activity being ascribed to a novel indole S,O-bisdesmoside named calanthoside.
See Calanthe discolor Lindl. above. Cox Tamay (2013), cited by Cano Asseleih et al. (2015), noted that in Yucatán, Mexico, this species is used by the indigenous peoples as a poultice to treat boils and wounds.
Sophronitis Dayana Callus Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have hair conditioning and skin conditioning/emollient properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
See Caularthron bilamellatum (Rchb.f.) R.E.Schult. below.
Jones (1966) noted that the pseudobulbs of Caularthron bicornutum and Caularthron bilamellatum are usually infested with black ants. In a survey of ants inhabiting the hollow cigar-shaped pseudobulbs of Caularthron bicornutum and Caularthron bilamellatum in Trinidad, Dutra & Wetterer (2008) identified a total of 13 species, these being facultative occupants rather than obligate symbionts. The most common was a large carpenter ant, Camponotus atriceps (F. Smith, 1858), fam. Formicidae. According to J.T. Longino (2002),a the workers are typically nocturnal foragers. Similar to most Camponotus, workers are quite timid as isolated foragers. However, when nests are broken into, workers may come boiling out and bite the attacker. Accordingly, these orchids are potentially able to elicit a pseudophytodermatitis in plant collectors. Such myrmecophytes have been described as "super-nettles" (see Schmidt 1985).
According to Teuscher (1974), all species of Coryanthes attract ants that build their nests around the plants. This occurs even when the plants are grown in greenhouses at locations geographically remote from their areas of natural distribution, the presence of ants seemingly encouraging flowering. He noted further that:
Schmidt (1985) provides an extensive review of the dermatological hazard associated with such "ant plants".
The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015),a identifies the traditional Chinese medicine shan ci gu (山慈菇), otherwise known as Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones as being sourced from the pseudobulbs of Gremastra appendiculata (D.Don) Makino [sic], or from the related orchids Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe or Pleione yunnanensis (Rolfe) Rolfe. Its uses are listed as: carbuncles, furuncles, scrofula, snake and insect bites, scabies, and tumours. Referring to Cremastra appendiculata, Pérez Gutiérrez (2010), citing Lin & Namba (1985) who referred to Cremastra variabilis, noted that externally, it treats boils and skin lesions, and can be applied to affected parts of the body as part of a poultice or paste. This crude drug was first listed in the classic 10 volume text ben cao shi yi (本草拾遗; Supplement to Materia Medica) – also known as Chen cang qì ben cao (陈藏器本草; Chen Cangqi Materia Medica) – written by Chen Zangqi (681-757) (陈藏器), a pharmacist in the Tang Dynasty.b However, there is a good deal of confusion as to the botanical source of shan ci gu in later classic texts on Chinese materia medica, and indeed in more recent publications (see Bulpitt et al. 2007). By reference to illustrations and morphological descriptions, Lin & Namba (1985) listed 15 species in 5 plant families as having been recognised at one time or another as the source of shan ci gu, adding that after the Ming Dynasty, species of Lycoris Herb. (fam. Amaryllidaceae) and Dioscorea Plum. ex L. (fam. Dioscoreaceae) were considered in different texts as being the botanical source. Norimoto et al. (2021) noted that the dried bulbs of Tulipa edulis (Miq.) Baker (now regarded as a synonym of Amana edulis (Miq.) Honda) are sold in markets as Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones at a cheaper price than the three official species, or mixed with authentic Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones. Iphigenia indica (L.) A.Gray ex Kunth (fam. Colchicaceae), a toxic plant, is sometimes mistakenly identified as shan ci gu.c
Cycnoches Cooperi Extract and Cycnoches Cooperi Flower/Leaf Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have antioxidant, emollient, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Cymbidium Erythraeum Flower Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, humectant, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Cymbidium Goeringii Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, astringent, hair conditioning, humectant, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Cymbidium Great Flower is an orchid hybrid (an 8th generation grex) originated in 1985 from the cross Cymbidium Great Waltz × Cymbidium Valley Flower.a,b Cymbidium Great Flower Bulb Extract, Cymbidium Great Flower Extract, Cymbidium Great Flower Flower/Stem Extract, Cymbidium Great Flower Flower/Stem Water, Cymbidium Great Flower Leaf Extract, Cymbidium Great Flower Leaf Powder, and Cymbidium Great Flower Stem Extract [INCI; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have emollient, hair conditioning, humectant, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). The particular cultivar Cymbidium Great Flower ‘Marie Laurencin’ is the subject of a Japanese Patent describing a "hair growth / restoration agent".c,d Cymbidium Grandiflorum Flower Extract and Cymbidium Grandiflorum Root Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have humectant, skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Cymbidium Kanran Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, astringent, emollient, and skin conditioning (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Cymbidium Lancifolium Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, astringent, emollient, and skin conditioning (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Cymbidium Lucky Flower is an orchid hybrid (grex) originated in 1984 from the cross Cymbidium Lucky Kawano × Cymbidium Valley Flower.a,b Cymbidium Lucky Flower Stem Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have hair conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Cymbidium Sinense Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, emollient, humectant, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Nestler (1907) investigated the glandular secretions of the leaves of this species but found no substances that could irritate the skin.
[Information available but not yet included in database]
In a historical perspective on medicinal orchids of Asia with special focus on Singaporean native orchids,a it is noted that [unspecified] Chinese herbals record that the pulverised, dried flowers are used to stop bleeding from wounds.
MacDougal (1895) observed that 6 of 9 subjects challenged with the leaves and stems of this species developed contact dermatitis. He reported also that tests repeated a year later produced a similar outcome. Schaffner (1903a) noted that this species was poisonous to the skin but to a lesser extent than Cypripedium reginae Walter [see below]. Nestler (1907) investigated the glandular secretions of the leaves of this species but found no substances that could irritate the skin.
White (1888), citing observations made by Professor Babcock (see Babcock 1875) noted that Cypripedium pubescens "is capable of producing as severe inflammation of the skin as Rhus Toxicodendron." Again, by reference to the observations made by Professor Babcock, Hurlbut (1889) explored the possibility of using homoeopathic dilutions of a cypripedium tincture [species not specified] as an oral antidote to poison oak dermatitis. MacDougal (1894), McNair (1923), and Pammel (1911) referred to and expanded upon the same observations made by Professor Babcock. MacDougal (1895) observed that 6 of 9 subjects challenged with the leaves and stems of Cypripedium pubescens developed contact dermatitis. He reported also that tests repeated a year later produced a similar outcome. Referring to "Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Yellow Lady's Slipper",a Coulter (1904) described the outcome of challenge tests carried out in 22 subjects. Eleven of the subjects exhibited unpleasant effects from the mere handling of this species; a further six reacted only after rubbing of the plant on the skin; and five showed no reaction. Coulter (1904) also noted that he had seen numerous cases of dermatitis (which resembles that caused by poison ivy) attributable to this orchid and that it is most active during the flowering season, becoming practically innocuous after seed maturation. By contrast, when Nestler (1907) investigated the glandular secretions of the leaves of Cypripedium pubescens, he found no substances that could irritate the skin. Cypripedium Pubescens Extract [INCI; CAS RN 84775-54-2; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)]b, is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning and tonic properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
The pink lady's slipper was adopted as the official flower of the state of Minnesota, USA in 1902.a The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources notesb as a "Fun fact" that "Some people can get a rash from touching the leaves of this pretty orchid." Perhaps the earliest report of an adverse reaction of the skin to contact with this orchid is that of Babcock (1875) who observed that "after gathering many specimens of Cypripedium spectabile, [his] hands were stained with the purplish secretion of the glandular hairs with which its stem and leaves are densely clothed, and shortly after experienced a peculiar irritation about [his] eyes. The next day [his] whole face presented the appearance of a severe case of Rhus poisoning." MacDougal (1894), also referring to Cypripedium spectabile, observed at first hand a severe dermatitis elicited by the leaves of this orchid when brushed against the arm. On further investigation he (MacDougal 1895) observed that 6 of 9 subjects challenged with the leaves and stems developed contact dermatitis. He reported also that tests repeated a year later produced a similar outcome. Schaffner (1903a) similarly noted that Cypripedium reginae is poisonous to the skin, much like poison ivy. Also referring to Cypripedium spectabile, Nestler (1907) demonstrated that the overground parts of this species yield a skin-irritating secretion. Later, Nestler (1908) reported the results of more detailed studies into the skin-irritating activity of this species. More recently, Beierlein (1957) described a blistering allergic skin rash of the left hand, left arm, left shoulder, left armpit to the hip, and left knee, which he developed after carrying out hand pollination of Cypripedium reginae. In Brazilian traditional medicine, the juice and ointments prepared from the pseudobulbs of this and other species of Cyrtopodium R.Br. (but with poor or no distinction of the species utilised) are used to treat boils and abscesses and for wound healing (Araujo-Lima et al. 2020/21). Cyrtopodium Cardiochilum Pseudobulb Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have emollient, humectant, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Martínez & Barboza (2010) noted that the Tobas of Central Chaco in North-East Argentina wash with a decoction prepared from the leaves, or apply the leaves directly, in the treatment of boils and abscesses, but also believe that the plant is animated with a morbid spirit capable of producing furuncles intentionally if it is not gathered according to certain safety measures — a rag or a red tape has to be left as an offering.
Dactylorhiza Fuchsii Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Orchis Maculata Flower Extract and Orchis Maculata Flower/Leaf/Stem Water [INCI; CAS RN 90082-23-8; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)],a are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have skin conditioning and fragrancing / perfuming properties respectively (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Citing earlier sources, Wang (2021) noted that in the traditional medicine of India, a paste prepared from the leaves is used to treat [unspecified] skin diseases; that the leaves pounded with Hedychium wardii C.E.C.Fisch. (fam. Zingiberaceae) rhizomes are made into a paste, which is used to treat wounds and various [unspecified] skin diseases; and that in Nepal, a paste prepared from the pseudobulbs is applied topically on burnt skin.
Dendrobium Phalaenopsis Flower Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Dendrobium Fimbriatum Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Dendrobium Loddigesii Leaf/Stem Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have emollient, humectant, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Dendrobium Candidum, Dendrobium Candidum Callus, Dendrobium Candidum Callus Extract, Dendrobium Candidum Callus Powder, Dendrobium Candidum Extract, Dendrobium Candidum Flower Extract, Dendrobium Candidum Powder, Dendrobium Candidum Stem Extract, Dendrobium Moniliforme Callus Culture Extract, Dendrobium Moniliforme Leaf/Stem Extract, and Onychium Japonicum Extract [INCI; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have antioxidant, bleaching, emollient, humectant, skin conditioning, and/or skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). [Further information available but not yet included in database]
Dendrobium Moschatum Flower Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Dendrobium Nobile Extract, Dendrobium Nobile Flower Extract, Dendrobium Nobile Protocorm Extract, Dendrobium Nobile Stem Extract, and Dendrobium Nobile/Phalaenopsis Amabilis Extract [INCI; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have emollient, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). [Further information available but not yet included in database]
Dendrobium Catenatum Leaf/Stem Extract and Dendrobium Huoshanense Leaf/Stem Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have bleaching, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). [Further information available but not yet included in database] Gastrodia Elata Flower Extract and Gastrodia Elata Root Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). This non-chlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic orchid [= an orchid that obtains its energy and nutrients through a symbiotic relationship with a fungus, in this case the honey fungus Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P.Kumm., fam. Physalacriaceae; see Kusano (1911)] provides the traditional Chinese medicine known as tian ma (天麻) or Gastrodiae Rhizoma.a,b Its principal active compounds are considered to be gastrodin [= 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside], vanillyl alcohol, vanillin, S-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-glutathione, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (Chen & Sheen 2011, Zhan et al. 2016).
[Information available but not yet included in database] Referring to Isochillus major [sic], Cano Asseleih (2015) noted that in the state of Veracruz, Mexico where this epiphyte is found, the leaves are used by the indigenous peoples as a poultice "in case of blows inflammation" [?= contusions].
See Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. above. Known locally as flor de mayo in the Zongolica region of the state of Veracruz, Mexico where this species is found, the crushed pseudobulbs of this epiphyte are used by the indigenous peoples as a poultice to treat inflammation associated with musculoskeletal sprains and strains (Cano Asseleih 2015). Several species formerly recognised as members of the genus Schomburgkia Lindl. (Wright & Dewar 1913, Jones 1966) have been separated into a new genus, namely Myrmecophila Rolfe, because they possess hollow pseudobulbs in whose interior symbiotic ants form nests (Rolfe 1917). According to Horich (1977):
Evidently, these myrmecodomic orchids are potentially able to elicit a pseudophytodermatitis in plant collectors. Such myrmecophytes have been described as "super-nettles" (see Schmidt 1985). Plants of the World Onlinea recognises 9 species and 3 natural hybrids (including one species considered separately below):
Cox Tamay (2013), cited by Cano Asseleih et al. (2015), noted that in Yucatán, Mexico, the fleshy part of the stem of this epiphyte is used by the indigenous peoples to treat wounds. This species is a myrmecophyte and therefore potentially able to elicit a pseudophytodermatitis in plant collectors. In mangrove forests in Mexico, Dolichoderus bispinosus (Olivier, 1792), fam. Formicidae was the most frequent ant species inhabiting the orchid pseudobulbs (Dejean et al. 2003). Mann (1912, 1916) noted that when their nest is disturbed, Dolichoderus bispinosus workers defend it very pugnaciously. Their bite is hard enough to be disagreeable and the colonies are very populous. He had on several occasions actually been driven from the near vicinity of a nest by this species. Such myrmecophytes have been described as "super-nettles" (see Schmidt 1985).
Known locally as topixcamote in the Zongolica region of the state of Veracruz, Mexico where this species is found, the crushed pseudobulbs of this epiphyte in aguardiente [a type of distilled alcoholic spirit] are used by the indigenous peoples as a poultice to treat the pain associated with "head bumps" [?= blows to the head; concussion] (Cano Asseleih 2015).
Orchis Mascula Extract and Orchis Mascula Flower Extract [INCI; CAS RN 90082-24-9; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)],a are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have hair and skin conditioning, and soothing properties respectively (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
The hybrid formula of this artificial cross (grex) is Paphiopedilum callosum × Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum.a Paphiopedilum Maudiae Flower Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). [Information available but not yet included in database]
Phalaenopsis Amabilis Extract and Phalaenopsis Amabilis Flower Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have humectant, and bleaching and skin protecting properties respectively (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Phalaenopsis Aphrodite Callus Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, reducing, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Phalaenopsis Charm Sun Big Red Robe is an orchid hybrid (grex) originated in 2008 from the cross Phalaenopsis Shiuh-Dong Lucky Girl × Phalaenopsis I-Hsin Cinderella.a,b Phalaenopsis Charm Sun Big Red Robe Flower Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Phalaenopsis Lobbii Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have bleaching properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Phalaenopsis Pulcherrima Callus Powder and Phalaenopsis Pulcherrima Leaf Cell Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have skin conditioning, antioxidant, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian is an orchid hybrid (grex) originated in 1998 from the cross Phalaenopsis Yukimai × Phalaenopsis Taisuco Kochdian.a Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian Flower Extract and Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian Petal Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have antioxidant and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian is an orchid hybrid (grex) originated in 1998 from the cross Phalaenopsis Yukimai × Phalaenopsis Taisuco Kochdian.a Phalaenopsis Shiuh-Dong Whishkey [sic] Flower Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have antioxidant, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
See Cremastra appendiculata var. variabilis (Blume) I.D.Lund above. See Cremastra appendiculata var. variabilis (Blume) I.D.Lund above.
See Prosthechea karwinskii (Mart.) J.M.H.Shaw below.
Garcia et al. (2014) recorded that in a Mixtec community in the municipality of Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico, a poultice prepared from the pseudobulbs is used for the treatment of wounds and burns, and added that until recently, this orchid was confused with its sister species, another Mexican endemic orchid named Prosthechea citrina (Lex.) W.E.Higgins, the use of which in wound and burn healing has also been reported. Barragán-Zarate et al. (2020) reported that Prosthechea karwinskii leaf extract (ethanol/water 1:1) exhibited antioxidant activity in an ex vivo model, and exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in Wistar rats.
Cox Tamay (2013), cited by Cano Asseleih et al. (2015) noted that in Yucatán, Mexico, the fleshy part of the stem of the stem of this epiphyte is used by the indigenous peoples to treat wounds. This species was declared the national flower of Honduras (Flor Nacional de Honduras) on 26 November 1969.a Brassocattleya Marcella Koss is an orchid hybrid (grex) originated in 1970 from the cross Cattleya Bob Betts × Rhyncholaeliocattleya Languedoc.a,b Brassocattleya Marcella Koss Leaf/Stem Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have bleaching, emollient, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). [Further information available but not yet included in database] Vanda Coerulea Extract and Vanda Coerulea Flower Extract [INCI; CAS RN 2242638-84-0; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)]a, are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have antioxidant and skin conditioning properties respectively (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Neofinetia Falcata Callus Culture Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). This plant, "common in the Malay Peninsula, contains a slightly milky latex, which when dropped on the hand or arm produces a very unpleasant irritation of the skin, as I know well by experience. […] This latex is used by native girls, mixed with oil to strengthen and thicken the hair, much as cantharides is used in Europe." (Ridley HN in Sprague 1921).
Vanilla Bahiana Fruit Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have emollient and fragrancing properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Workers who handled the pods developed dermatitis of the hands and face. The action of a mite or of cardol was suspected. Cardol derived from Anacardium, fam. Anacardiaceae was said to be applied to the pods to darken them (White 1887). Workers who clean, pack and sort the pods can develop dermatitis (Prosser White 1934, Downing 1939). Dermatitis from vanilla is known in the perfume and confectionery industries (Greenberg and Lester 1954, Schwartz et al. 1957). Conjunctivitis and a partially generalized pustular eruption followed handling vanilla pods (Hiley 1909). A mould which covers the pods and chemicals applied to the pods have been suspected. Vanilla in a hair lotion produced dermatitis; the patient carried out a patch test to vanilla with a positive result (Leggett 1914). Prosser White (1934) [incorrectly] cited Hutchinson (1892) as the source article in which the term "vanillaism" was coined; Maiden (1912) also referred to this condition. In an outbreak of contact dermatitis in workers with vanilla, 20% of those exposed were affected but they recovered in three weeks and were never troubled again; probably some transient contaminant was responsible (Gougerot and Basset 1939). Irritation occurring in persons who cut the vines was attributed to calcium oxalate crystals in the juice. A positive patch test to vanilla was observed in a sandwich maker who had contact dermatitis (Hjorth and Weismann 1972). Contact dermatitis from vanilla may present as erythema only, without eczematous changes (Sidi and Hincky 1964). Vanillin has sensitising properties and cross-sensitivity is observed with some constituents of balsam of Peru (from Myroxylon balsamum Harms, fam. Leguminosae) (Hjorth 1961). Eating vanilla caused a flare of eczema in a patient who was contact sensitive to the balsam (Pirila 1970). Vanilla and vanillin used in perfumery have caused dermatitis (Greenberg and Lester 1954). Morton (1962a) noted that several individuals in Florida have acquired a stinging skin irritation, lasting several hours, after cutting back the vine, seemingly caused by crystals of calcium oxalate present in the plant sap. These crystals of calcium oxalate may also irritate the skin of workers harvesting vanilla pods. An individual who chewed a portion of the plant experienced an acute burning sensation in the mouth after a slight delay. Vanilla Planifolia Flower Extract, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Oil, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Water, Vanilla Planifolia Leaf Cell Extract, Vanilla Planifolia Seed, Vanilla Planifolia Seed Powder, and Vanilla Planifolia Tincture [INCI; CAS RN 8024-06-4, 84650-63-5, and 8047-24-3; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)]a, are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have abrasive, antioxidant, emollient, perfuming, skin conditioning, skin protecting, and smoothing properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).
Vanilla Tahitensis Fruit, Vanilla Tahitensis Fruit Extract, and Vanilla Tahitensis Seed [INCI; CAS RN 94167-14-3 and 8024-06-4; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)]a, are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have abrasive, fragrancing, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). References
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